Issues

SPECIAL ISSUE: Papers from the National Center for Research in Geography Education's Research Coordination Network - Year 4

A Report on a Roundtable Discussion of the Future of Geography Education
Prepared by The Gilbert M. Grosvenor Center for Geographic Education

SPECIAL ISSUE: Papers from the National Center for Research in Geography Education's Research Coordination Network - Year 3

SPECIAL ISSUE: Papers from the Powerful Geography Conference 2018

SPECIAL ISSUE: Papers from the National Center for Research in Geography Education's Research Coordination Network - Year 2

SPECIAL ISSUE: Papers from the National Center for Research in Geography Education's Research Coordination Network - Year 1

Developing Workplace Skills and Competencies in Geography Graduate Programs
Aurelia Kollasch, Jenny J. Lee*, Michael Solem

Mapping for Mutuality: Using Data Maps to Enhance Educational Policymakers' Awareness of the Communities They Serve
Patrick Womac, Benjamin Bindewald, Matthew Della Sala

Investigating Grade Level Impact of the Advanced Placement Human Geography Course and Student Interests in Pursuing Geography in Higher Education
Michael A. Scholz, Ruojing W. Scholz, Richard G. Boehm

To Whom Are We Listening? Measuring the Pulse of Geography Education Research, 2010
Donald Patrick Albert, Erin Dorris Cassidy

Integrating Geospatial Technology in Pre-Service Teacher Training Programs
Emily J. Summers, Joann Zadrozny*, James P. Van Overschelde, Niem Tu Huynh, Michael Solem, Richard G. Boehm

The Evolution of the Modern Era of Geographic Education through Messages that Established the Foundation for K-12 Educators
Matthew T. Patton, R. Denise Blanchard, Richard G. Boehm

Teachers’ Attitudes, Beliefs and Perceptions Towards Disseminated Information and Guidance from Leaders in Geographic Education: An Examination of the Trickle-down Effect
Matthew T. Patton and R. Denise Blanchard

Assessing the Impact on Classroom Teaching from a Sustained Professional Development Program: Perceptions of Teachers Participating in the Yearlong Wayne Schools Global Geography Project
Karen Thomas-Brown

Mental Maps and a Community-Based Sense of Place:  A Case Study Among Kansas Third Graders
Thomas Larsen and John Harrington, Jr.

Development of Geography Teachers' Capacity to Evaluate: Analysis on Coping with Complexity and Controversiality
Stefan Applis and Janis Fögele

Research on the Challenges of Introducing the Dilemma Discussion for the Support of Judgment Competence in the Geography Classroom
Stefan Applis

Studying Teacher Confidence in Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the Classroom based on the Professional Development Experience
Lisa Tabor Millsaps

Children’s Atlases and Geopolitics
Deborah G. Hann

Flexibility, Communication, and Transparency: Lessons for a Successful Geography Lab Manual Implementation from First Semester Experiences
Forrest J. Bowlick, Shelby L. Young, Trey D. A. Murphy, Brianna M. J. Williams, & Oliver W. Frauenfeld

Geography, History, and True Education
Walter A. McDougall

SPECIAL ISSUE: Essays from George J. Miller Award recipients on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the National Council for Geographic Education

Seventy Years Observing Geography in Geography Education
Robert A. Harper (1986*)

NCGE at 100 Years: Looking in the Rear View Mirror
Joseph P. Stoltman (1989*)

On Matters of Concern
Richard G. Boehm (1991*)

On the Merits of Landscape Lessons in a Life of Geography
Christopher “Kit” Salter (1992*)

Thinking Outside of the Box: Geography and GIS
Roger M. Downs (1995*)

Geography: 5th Century B.C. – Early 21st Century A.D.: R.I.P.(?)
Charles F. Gritzner (1997*)

Building on the Legacy of George J. Miller
Martha B. Sharma (1999*)

NCGE’s Ontario Connection 1970 to 1985 (and a bit beyond) – A Remembrance on NCGE’s 100th Anniversary
Doug MacLeod (2000*)

Sputnik: Geography Education’s Changing Agent
James F. Marran (2003*)

Government Impact on K-12 Geography Education: Highlights from Four Decades
Osa E. Brand (2004*)

Geography Education: What is the achievement for?
Robert W. Morrill (2007*)

Advanced Placement Human Geography and the Reform of Geographic Education
David Lanegran (2008*)

NCGE and Innovation
Gary Elbow (2009*)

Developing, Disseminating, and Sustaining Web-based Graduate Degree and Certificate Programs in Geography
Susan Hardwick (2013*)

* Years award received

Recapping the History of the Antipodes: Reappraising Absolute and Relative Connotations
Don Albert, Nancy Stockwell, and Jim Tiller

“There is no easy solution:” Singapore Teachers’ Perspectives and Practice of Climate Change Education
Tricia Seow and Li Ching Ho

The Unfortunate Status of Geography in Elementary Teacher Education: A Call for Discourse
Patrick Womac

Strategies for the Implementation of GIS in German Geography Lessons: Selected Findings of a Mixed-Method Research Approach
Steffen Höhnle, Rainer Mehren, & Jan Christoph Schubert

Employer Perspectives on the Value of Geographic Expertise, Skills, and Technologies
Jean E. McKendry, Joy K. Adams, & Michael Solem

Uncovering the Nexus Between Scientific Discourse and School Geography in Singapore Students’ Understanding of Climate Change
Chew-Hung Chang and Liberty Pascua

Engaging all Senses: Learning about the Berlin Wall from Classroom Instruction and On-site Experience
Heike C. Alberts and Bruce D. Niendorf

Opinion: Geographic Challenges in the 21^st Century
Doug MacLeod

A Critique of the Standardization of Geography Education in Germany
Mirka Dickel

Locating Tile Drains Using Historic Air Photos
Jerry Green, Jeff Pierce & Jana Farrell Sanders

The Status of Geographic Education in U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: A Comparative Analysis of Programmatic Data from 2004-05 and 2009-10
Zachary A. Moore

Book Review: 
Lambert, D., & Jones, M.  (Eds.). (2013). Debates in geography education. Abington, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN-13: 9780415687782. 336 pages.
Margaret Roberts

Opinion: Geography and General Education: The Nexus of Roles in Post-Secondary Education
Robert A. Harper

How Study Abroad Programs Impact Students’ Futures: A Western Michigan University Case Study
Ashley A. King & Lucius F. Hallett, IV

The Course Syllabus as a Guide to Map Interpretation Instruction
Jerry Green, Mary Henry, Liza Skryzhevska & Stanley Toops

The “Greening” of Campuses in Higher Education and K-12 Schools: The Value of Experiential Learning for Sustainability
Denise Blanchard & Brian Cmiel

Book Reviews:
Hopwood, N. (2012). Geography in Secondary Schools: Researching pupils’ classroom experiences. New York: Continuum. ISBN-13: 978-1441199089. 202 pages 
Andrew Milson

de Blij, H. (2012). Why geography matters: More than ever (2^nd ed.). New York: OXford University Press. ISBN-13: 9780199913749. 354 pages.
Robert W. Morrill

SPECIAL ISSUE: Dedicated to Dr. David Lambert, Professor of Geography Education, University of London, and to the Geographical Association of the United Kingdom. 

Disciplinary Divergence and Convergence in the Content of Introductory Undergraduate Coursework in Geography
David J. Rutherford 

Concept Mapping Validates Fieldwork’s Capacity to Deepen Students’ Cognitive Linkages of Complex Processes
Casey D. Allen 

GIS Instruction: Learning from Student Perception of Concept Difficulty
Niem Tu Huynh & Nathaniel Dean 

Examining the National Geography Standards for Presence of Spatial Concepts
Meredith J. Marsh 

Indications of the Influence of Teacher Training On Standards-Based Middle School Geography
Catherine W. Cooper 

SPECIAL ISSUE: Dedicated to Dr. David Lambert, Professor of Geography Education, University of London, and to the Geographical Association of the United Kingdom. 

Using a Classroom Observation System to Analyze Content and Inquiry in Physical Geography
Robert J. Ruhf & Lisa M. DeChano-Cook 

Using Geography to Help Teach History: Dual-Encoding History Lesson Plans
Lisa K. Tabor & John A. Harrington, Jr.

Geographic Education for Preschoolers: The Dora the Explorer Contribution
James R. Carter & Mariana Diaz-Wionczek

Book Reviews:
Solem, M., Foote, K., & Monk, J. (Eds.). (2009). Aspiring academics: A resource guide for graduate students and early career faculty. Upper Saddle River, NJL Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-604891-6. 240 Pages. 
Sigismond A. Wilson

Butt, G. (Ed.). (2011). Geography, education and the future. United Kingdom: Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84-706498-1. 272 Pages.
Kenneth H. Keller

Ethically-Engaged Fieldwork in Geography Education: An Analysis of Student Experiences in Two Field Courses
Andrei Israel 

Approaches for Increasing and Improving Pre-service Teacher Competence, Confidence, and Effectiveness in the Teaching and Learning of Geography
David J. Rutherford 

Supporting Geography Education:  Effects of a Summer Academy on Secondary Geography Teachers
Ellen J. Foster 

A Quantitative Analysis of the Differing Perceptions of Geography by Visually and Non-Visually Impaired Students
Christopher D. Murr

Teaching Spatial Concepts to the Visually Impaired Learner: Testing an Auditory Approach
Paporn Thebpanya 

Using Concept Maps to Integrate Hierarchical Geographical Concepts for Holistic Understanding
Kalyani Chatterjea 

Design Experiment or Experimental Design? Towards a Methodology to Study GIS use in Geographic Education
Chew-Hung Chang Yan Liu, Elisabeth N. Bui, Tao Jin, Hans Gunnar Lossman 

Undergraduate Students’ Declarative and Configurational Understanding of Biomes
Gillian Acheson & Meredith Beilfuss

Context and Embodiment: Investigating the Subject Conceptions and Practice of Pre-service Geography Teachers in Singapore 
Tricia Seow 

Advances in E-learning – the case of blogging in U.K. school geography
Phil Wood 

Living geography – what is ‘relevant’ geography education?
David Mitchell 

Using Place Construction Theory for Geographic Learning: An Analysis of Place-based Learning Outcomes and Processess in Pedagogical Fieldwork
Cathryn E. Springer 

Understanding children’s connections to the environment in the U.S. and Singapore: Implications for geography educators
Bryan Wee 

Exploring the Bridge between Research and Teaching Practice: Spatial Thinking Concepts in Geography Standards in the United States and England
Peter Anthamatten

Developing pupils’ ‘personal geographies’ – Is the personalization of geography education beneficial? 
Graham Butt 

Underrepresented Populations’ Understanding and Awareness of Careers in Geography
Ellen J. Foster 

The Changing Nature of High School World Geography Textbooks: 1950-2005
Alex Standish

Recognizing Geographic and Spatial Learning in Children’s Drawings
Reese H. Todd

A Theoretical Model for Thematic Map Learning
Aicha Benimmas 

Conceptions of Geography Teaching and Learning: A Qualitative Study with Nine Hong Kong Geography Teachers
Eva Chan and Tammy Kwan 

Mapping the World: Freehand Mapping and Children's Understanding of Geography Concepts
Susan Lowes 

SPECIAL ISSUE: The Geography in the Americas Conference (GeoAmericas)

Geography Education for Sustainability in Chile
Favian Araya-Palacios 

Objectives in the Affective Domain of Environmental Education: An International Case Study
Lara M.P. Bryant 

Juego Instruccional Estructurado: Ludograma para la pRvencion de Riesgos en el Estado de Vargas, Venezuela
Ana Izturiz M., Yonlanda Barrientos Ch., Simon Ruiz B., and Matilde de Bezada 

National Parks as Outdoor Classrooms: Environmental and Tourism Curriculum in Banff and Jasper National Parks
Barbara McNicol 

Estandares de Tecnologia Geoespacial en los Planes de Estudios Estatales en los Estados Unidos
Andrew J. Milson 

NOTE: The first five articles are solicited reviews of the manuscript “Wanted: A Consise List of Neurologically Defensible and Assessable Spatial-Thinking Skills” by Phil and Carol Gersmehl published in Volume 8, pages 5-38. The sixth article is the Gersmehl's response and comments to these reviews.

• Wanted: Cognitive Theories Related to Geography Education
  Robert E. Lloyd
• The Return of the Native? Questions about Geographical Knowledge and Spatial Thinking
  Andrew Milson
• Frames of Reference
  Scott Bell
• Appraising the Spatial Thinking Skills Taxonomy: Advancing Assesssment in Geography Education
  Jerry Mitchell
• Developing a Spatial Thinking Skills Taxonomy: Are There Important Lessons to Learn from Bloom?
  Janet Smith
• Yes, Spatial Thinking is that Complicated
  Philip Gersmehl and Carol Gersmehl

Reflections on Web-Based Inquiry Learning in Geography Classrooms in Singapore
Chang Chew Hung

The Relationship Between Content Preparation and Literacy of Science Teachers and High School Enrollment Size
William A. Porter, Thomas J. Rossbach, and Wayne L. Cornelius

Inclusion of National Geography Standards in Mandatory and Voluntary State Curriculum Frameworks
Rachel Bailey and Rich Dixon

BOOK REVIEWS:
Oxford New Consise World Atlas, 2 ed. February 2007; 288 pages, hardcover; Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN-13: 978-0-19-532015-2.
Richard Dixon

Gersmehl, Phil (2005). Teaching Geography. The Guilford PRess. ISBN 1-59385-155-3 hardcover, ISBN 1-59385-154-5 paperback
Roy Stine

SPECIAL ISSUE: The Education of an Applied Geographer

Applied Geography, A Life Experience, Antoine Bailly

How Applied Geography Shaped My Career, Larry E. Carlson

Applied Geography and Life-Long Learning, John W. Frazier

Becoming an Applied Geographer, Jorge Gaspar

My Education as an Applied Geographer, Lay James Gibson

Pasteur's Quadrant and the Education of an Applied Geographer, Patricia Gober

Educating an Applied Geographer, Reginald Golledge

The Evolution of an Applied Geographer: A Personal Odyssey, Kingsley E. Haynes

A Retrospective View of an Applied Geographer, David L. Huff

My Way to Applied Geography, Robert D. Larson

My Training as an Applied Geographer, B. Merenne-Schoumaker

Experience, Serendipity, and Direction for an Applied Geographer, Burrell E. Montz

Applied Geography is a logical Outcome of Theory! Richard Morrill

The Making of an Applied Geographer in Real Estate Research, Jeanette I. Rice

Becoming an Applied Geographer: People, Places, and Perspective, F. Andrew Schoolmaster

The Journey of an Applied Geographer, Kenard E. Smith

An Antipodean Adventure as an Analytical Applied Human Geographer, Robert J. Stimson

My Development and Professional Life as an Applied Geographer, Roger R. Stough

Thus Can Man Accustom Himself to Sleep on the Brink of a Precipice, Graham A. Tobin

Applied Geographer in the World of International Development, Juha I. Uitto

My Education as an Applied Geographer, Thomas J. Wilbanks

Making a Difference Using Geospatial Information Technologies, F. Benjamin Zhan

Wanted: A Concise List of Neurologically Defensible and Assessable Spatial-Thinking Skills
Philip J. Gersmehl and Carol A. Gersmehl 

Reforming Geography Education in Modern Russia
Vladimir A. Gorbanyov and Irina I. Barinova 

Exploring Issues of Validity in a Study of Geography Teachers’ Subject Knowledge
Clare Brooks and Nick Hopwood 

Improving Spatial Understanding of Historic Battle of Guildford Courthouse
Roy Stine, Elisabeth Nelson and Michael Swaim 

An Assessment of GIS Education Using Marble’s Pyramid: Case Study in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Huynh Niem Tu 

The Cartographic Imagination: Bilingual Geographies Among Welsh Secondary School Students
Bill Fleming

SPECIAL ISSUE: Works from the 3rd Annual International Conference on Research in Geographic Education, with the theme of “Building a Research Agenda”.

Research Opportunities with Advanced Placement Human Geography
Corresponding Author: Joseph P. Stoltman
Contributing Authors: Brian Boulet, Susan Hollier, Alex Standish, and Amber Conrad

Cognition and Learning in Geographic Education: A Research Agenda
Corresponding Author: Scott L. Walker
Contributing Authors: Rick L. Bunch, Osvaldo Muniz, Chris Murr, Xiaomin Qui, Mark Rockeymoore, Melody Warren, and Pamela Wridt

Collaborative Research in Geographic Education
Corresponding Author: Pamela Wridt
Contributing Authors: Brian Earle, Zachary A. Moore, Chris Murr, Allison Newton, Joseph P. Stoltman, Julie A. Tuason, Melody Warren

Geography in an Interdisciplinary Environment: Developing Research Paths
Corresponding Author: David J. Rutherford
Contributing Authors: Osa Brand, Amber N. Conrad, Ed Grode, Andrew J. Milson, Zachary A. Moore, Catherine Springer, Julie A. Tuason, Jamie Zech

GIS in K-12 Education: Pedagogical Tool or Weapon of Mass Distraction?
Corresponding Author: Andrew J. Milson
Contributing Authors: Lisa M. DeChano, Rick L. Bunch, Jennifer Caito, Xiaomin Qui

Professional Development and Student Achievement in geography: A Research Agenda
Corresponding Author: Lisa M. DeChano
Contributing Authors: Mark Bockenhauer, Jennifer Caito, Linnea Hruska, Phil Klein, Allison Newton

Geography Learning: Building a Research Agenda for Meeting Societal Needs
Corresponding Author: Lay James Gibson
Contributing Authors: Osa brand, Susan Hollier, David J. Rutherford

Evaluating Textbooks and their Use
Corresponding Author: Brian Blouet
Contributing Authors: Ed Grode, Susan Hollier, Nancy Middlebrook, James Petersen, Mark Rockeymoore, and Alex Standish

Implementing Pedagogical Geographical Information Systems Applications in Pre-Service Teacher Training
Tino Johansson and Taina Kaivola 

Using the Internet to Develop Geographical Knowledges
Clare Brooks 

New Geography Curriculum Reform of Middle Schools in China
Wang Min 

Learning Geography by Visually-Impaired Students
Christopher Murr and Denise Blanchard

Challenging the Conventions of Interface Design for Education-Oriented Animated Maps
Laura R. Sidney and Robert M. Edsall

The Neighborhood Atlas Project: An Example of Participatory Action Research in Geography Education
Pamela Wridt

The Interaction of Biological and Environmental Effects on Spatial Abilities: A review
Robert Earl Lloyd

BOOK REVIEWS:
Stoltman, J. P., Lidstone, J. & DeChano, L. M. (Eds.). 2004. International perspectives on natural disasters: Occurrence, mitigation, and consequences. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020-2850-4. 478 pages plus CD-ROM, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
John Chi-kin Lee

Matthews J. A., and Herbert, D. T. (eds.). 2004. Unifying Geography: Common Heritages, Shared Future. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-30543-8.
Elizabeth J. Leppman

The Status of GIS Education in Departments of geography at 4-year Colleges and Universities in the United States
Halil Ibrahim Tas & G. Allen Finchum

Geography in the K-12 Curriculum in Colorado: Results of a Survey of Social Studies Coordinators, 2001-2002
Phil Klein & Joseph Kerski

Introductory Physical Geography’s Place in General Education Science and Scientific Literacy 
Lawrence McGlinn

BOOK REVIEW:
Roberts, Margaret (2003). Learning through enquiry: Making sense of geography in the key stage 3 classroom. Sheffield, UK: Geographical Association. ISBN 1-84377-095-4. 212 pages
Scott Walker

Reflections on Teaching and Research in Russian Geographical Education: Pedagogical Technolgies
Iraida V. Dushina 

A Comparative Analysis of Geographical Education in Japan and Myanmar
Hla Hla Win

Geography Education Online: A Formative Evaluation
Ashley Kent

Are Sex Differences Important for Complex Spatial Tasks?
Rick L. Bunch and Robert E. Lloyd

Geography Education: Episodes in Building Its Intellectual and Political Capital
A. David Hill

Geographic Education and Elementary Geography Texts, 1850-1900
Karen M. Trifonoff

The Role of Geographic Education in Career Development and Worker Satisfaction among Geography Graduates
Enid Lotstein Ringer

Surveying Teachers: Do Geographic Alliances Meet the Needs of A Key Market?
Raymond K. Oldakowski and Laurie Molina

BOOK REVIEWS:
Alibrandi, Marsha. 2003. GIS in the classrom: Using geographic information systems in social studies and environmental science. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. ISBN: 032500479X. 192 pages
Aaron H. Doering

English, Kim Zanelli, and Feaster, Laura A. 2003. Community Geography: GIS in action. Redlands, CA: ESRI Press. ISBN 1-58948-023-6. 280 pages plus data CD-ROM
Scott Walker

Environmental Futures: Educating for Sustainability in the 21st Century
James Eflin and David L. Ferguson

World Sketch Maps: Drawing Skills or Map Knowledge?
Thomas f. Saarinen

Geography Tools as Education Technology in Preservice Teacher Education
Scott Walker

FOCUS SECTION

The Focus Section offers a glimpse into our future, highlighting research being conducted by early career scholars in the field of geographic Education. This collection of brief articles showcases a broad range of research topics being explored by current Ph.D. students and new, untenured faculty, including but not limited to, spatial cognitive abilities, geographic education in foreign countries, the subject matter content and disciplinary identities of geography, and teachers’ understanding and use of map skills.

Contributors:

• Teaching the Tool of the Trade: Understanding Teachers’ Beliefs, Knowledge, and Practices about Map Skills, Gillian Acheson 
• Analysis of College Students’ Spatial Knowledge and Misconceptions Related to Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Meredith Beilfuss 
• Coordinating Children’s Spatial Knowledge, Scott Bell 
• ​Backwards in High Heels: Liberal Education at the American University in Cairo, Jeffrey Lash 
• Does Completing a GIS Course Affect Spatial Cognitive Abilities as Measured by Cognitive Mapping and Map-skill Tests, Jongwon Lee 
• A Discipline of Synthesis? Research into Geography’s Subject Matter Content and Disciplinary Identifies, David Rutherford 
• Effects of the Opportunity to Study Geography, Elizabeth Smith 
• The Influence of Sex, Spatial Activity, Geographic Setting and Geographic Landscape on Adolescent Spatial Abilities, Janet Smith 
• Changing Communities, Changing Childhoods: Playing, Living and Leaning in New York City from the 1940s – 2000s, Pamela Wridt

BOOK REVIEWS:
Gonzalez, Joseph and Thomas E Sherer, Jr. 2004. The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Geography, 2^nd edition. New York: Alpha Book. 422 pages. ISBN 1-59257-188-3 
Mark C. Jones

Heatwole, Charles, A. 2002. Geography for Dunnies. New York: Hungry Minds. 360 Pages. ISBN 0-7645-1622-1 
Mark C. Jones

Kitchin, Rob and Blades, Mark. 2002. The Cognition of Geographic Space.. London: I. B. Tauris and Company Ltd. Paperback: 241 pages, ISBN 1860647057 Hardcover: 272 pages, ISBN 1860647049
Scott Bell

The European Dimension in Swiss Geography Education
Sibylle Reinfried

The Role of Geographic Education in Shaping the Muslim Image of the World
Mohammed Babiker Ibrahim and Thomas F. Saarinen

Development and Evaluation of an International Cooperative Educational Project: A Website Course on Spatial Transformation in Post-apartheid South Africa
Dominique Vanneste

GIS and the Acquisition of Spatial Information: Differences among Adults and Young Adolescents
Rick L. Bunch

BOOK REVIEWS: 
Gerber, Rod and Chuan, Goh Kim (eds.). 2000. Fieldwork in Geography: Reflections, Perspectives and Actions. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acdemic Publishers, The GeoJournal Library, Volume 54. ISBN 0-7923-6329-9.
David R. Butler

Sharma, M.B. and Elbow, G.S. 2000. Using Internet Primary Sources to Teach Critical Thinking Skills in Geography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-3133-0899-3.
Michael Solem

Learning Style and Academic Achievement of Middle School Geography Students in Korea
Sung-Hee Yoon and Katheryn S. Atman

Spatial Cognition of Pre-Service Teachers
Melinda Schoenfeldt

Aerial Photography, Place Related Behaviour and Children’s Thinking
Margaret Robertson and Margaret Taplin

Experiences of Geography In Higher Education: The Case of Geography Teachers in England
Ashley Kent

BOOK REVIEW:
Henig, J. R., Hula, R. C., Orr, M. and Pedescleaux, D. S. 1999. The Color of School Reform. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 301 pages. ISBN 0-691-01634-8
Fred Shelley

Children's Comprehension of Spatial Location in Different Spaces
Scott Bell

Mapping Success: Reversing the Matthew Effect
Sr. Madeleine Gregg, fcJ

The Eurocentric Nature of Mental Maps of the World
Tom Saarinen

Geographic Education, Universal Mapping, and Public Participation: The Search of Umbrella Theory
David Stea and James M. Blaut

BOOK REVIEW:
Robertson, Margaret and Gerber, Rod (ed.). 2000. The Child's World: Triggers for Learning. Melbourne: ACER Press.
Janet Smith

Assessing and Improving Geographic Belief: A Cognitive Approach
Norman R. Brown and Alinda Friedman

Cross-Cultural Research in Geographic Education: Some Challenges and Realities
Rod Gerber

A Functional Taxonomy For Mapping in Geographic Education
Henry W. Castner

A Schema Theoretical Approach to Understanding Map Readings
Joan Maier

BOOK REVIEW: 
Wilson, Frank R. 1998. The Hand: How Its Use Shapes the Brain, Language and Human Culture. New York: Panteon Books.
Henry W. Castner